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Tout le monde a forcément déjà entendu parler de microbiote intestinal. Mais qu’en est-il du microbiote cutané ? Invisible à l'œil nu, il constitue la barrière naturelle de notre peau. Pour mieux comprendre, zoom sur ce qu’est le microbiote cutané, son rôle et comment agir pour le préserver.
Par définition, “le microbiote cutané représente l’ensemble des micro-organismes vivant sur la peau” (source : https://www.pileje.fr/). Également appelé flore cutanée, il se compose ainsi principalement de virus, bactéries, champignons et autres micro-organismes présents sur le corps humain tels que les parasites. À savoir que, de la même manière que les empreintes digitales, chaque personne dispose de son propre microbiote cutané. Il est en effet le reflet de nos habitudes alimentaires, notre patrimoine génétique, notre hygiène, etc.
Comme tout microbiome, le rôle premier du microbiote cutané est de protéger. Il assure ainsi la protection de l’épiderme contre les diverses agressions, aussi bien externes qu’internes. Il peut en effet s’agir de pathogènes ou de bactéries responsables d’inflammation chronique. Le microbiote cutané agit également comme une barrière anti-infectieuse en sécrétant des molécules antibactériennes.
De ce fait, il participe au bon équilibre de la peau en ne laissant place qu’aux “bonnes bactéries”. Jouant un rôle de protection, le microbiote cutané est naturellement connecté au système immunitaire du corps humain. Cela lui permet d’avoir une action réparatrice en stimulant le renouvellement des cellules et en luttant contre les divers agents infectieux en cas de blessure.
Servant de barrière protectrice à l’épiderme, le bon équilibre du microbiote cutané est essentiel pour une peau en bonne santé. Ainsi, en cas de dysbiose (correspondant au déséquilibre de ce microbiome) les défenses immunitaires de l’épiderme sont affaiblies. Cela peut ensuite engendrer des inflammations, des infections ou encore des pathologies cutanées. Plusieurs études sur le microbiote cutané montrent un lien entre la dysbiose et certaines maladies de la peau telles que l’acné, le psoriasis et la dermatite atopique. La peau devient également plus sensible et réactive en cas de déséquilibre du microbiote cutané.
La première règle à adopter pour la bonne santé de son microbiote cutané est d’adopter une bonne hygiène de vie. Cela passe par un équilibre alimentaire adapté à son mode de vie, son organisme ainsi que son type de peau. Une bonne hygiène de vie comprend également la pratique d’une activité physique et une bonne hydratation tout au long de la journée. Il est ensuite possible de supplémenter son alimentation avec des probiotiques et/ou des compléments alimentaires pour la peau qui agissent autant sur l’hydratation, la nutrition et le bon équilibre de l’épiderme. Enfin, pour prendre soin de son microbiote cutané et le préserver au maximum, il est important d’utiliser des cosmétiques naturels respectueux de sa peau. C’est notamment le cas des cosmétiques au lait d’ânesse qui hydratent, nourrissent et apaisent tous types d’épiderme. Pour les adeptes du savon solide, il est conseillé de privilégier les savons au pH neutre, de préférence issus d'une saponification à froid.
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